Citizenship: Rights of A citizen

 MEANING OF RIGHTS OF A CITIZEN

Fundamental human rights mean that every individual at birth is endowed with certain rights- life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

Most of these rights are recognized and entrenched in the constitution of most countries.

Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state to ensure that its citizens enjoy these rights.

Rights of A Citizen

These rights include:

1.The right to life, security, protection of the law, and undisturbed access to the court of law.

2.Freedom and protection from slavery and forced labor

3.The right to vote and to be voted for in any political election

4.Right to ownership of property and protection from deprivation of property.

5.Freedom of forming and joining any political association.

6.Freedom of movement without any restraints.

7.Freedom from unlawful detention, arrest, and torture.

8.Freedom of expression and of the press.

9.Right to education

10.The right to a fair hearing.

11.Freedom of religion.

The Citizens Participating in Electoral Process

Duties and Obligations of Citizen

1.Obedience to the law.

2.Prompt payment of taxes and other compulsory bills.

3. Helping law enforcement agencies in exposing and tackling crime.

4. The citizen is expected to appear as a witness in court when summoned to provide evidence.

5. Participating in the electoral process to elect public officeholders

Ways of Safeguarding Citizen’s Rights

1.Independent judiciary which can adjudicate on matters of citizen right infringement.

2.Respect for the rule of law.

3. The free press can serve as a watchdog against the abuse of human rights.

4.Awareness on the part of citizens on their rights.

5.Existence of the human rights commission.

6. Ruling according to the rule of law.

7.Introduction of programs to enlighten the people.

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CULTISM

 Definition of cultism

Cultism is defined as the activities or practices of a group of people with one common spiritual, religious, or philosophical belief. 

cultists share some common objectives and ideas. So, they are unknown to the society and also, some cult leaders' true intentions are unknown even to the members of the particular cult. 

summary of the main characteristics of cultism:

it is a spiritual or religious practice;

it is a secret practice;

it is practiced by a group of individuals;

its policies are unknown to the general public;

it has an impact on the lives of the individuals;

it's people have a common value.

 Different cult groups and their symbols

1. Pyrate Confraternity “The National Associations of Sea Dogs”: the first “secret cult” in the Nigerian University System. Its two main symbols are a skull, two cross-bones, and an anchor. The cult's purposes are: "against expiring convention, tribalism, for humanistic ideas and partnership and knighthood."But their hay days soon ended when the Buccaneers branched out from them.

  

2. Buccaneers Confraternity “The National Associations of Sea Lords”: Established by the Bolaji Carew, the Buccaneers came to be very mighty and become the major rival to their mother “Pyrate Confraternity” (because they were splintered from them). In 1972, Bolaji Crew and some others were expelled from the Pyrates. A major impetus for the creation of the new confraternities was the fact that members of the new groups simply did not meet the high academic and intellectual standards set by the Seadogs

3. The Supreme Eiye Confraternity (also referred to “National Association of Air Lords”) This was formed in 1975 at the University of Ibadan.

The Eiye had the aim of preserving the culture of the Yoruba Land. They were considered to be a cultural association at that time.

They had the motto “No Feather, No Bird”. The term “Eiye” in Yoruba means “bird”.

4. The Black Axe Confraternity also referred to as “The Neo-Black Movement of Africa” was formed at the University of Benin, Edo State.

Their major goal was the growth of a strong body to confront those black students who suppress them. The symbol of this movement is the axe. Here are some rules of this group:

not to betray;

not to forgive;

not to condemn, otherwise, you have to pay for it.

5. Aro-Mates: It was established by three students that were once a part of the Pyrate's Community. This cult is also called the Vikings cult. Their motto and rules are the following: not to retreat even before the death and "blood in the sea", and to sing piracy songs.

Their symbol also contains an axe, to be more precise, two crossed axes, and a boat.

6. Supreme Vikings Confraternity: The community “Supreme Vikings Confraternity” is also known as “The Adventures” or “the De Norsemen Club of Nigeria”. It was established by a former participant of the Buccaneer confraternity. The symbol of this movement is known as SVC. 

7.Kegite club:  It is one of the few movements which are still thriving nowadays. Many people consider this club as a social group. Really, in comparison to other, more invasive groups, they don't follow the principles of the wealth, power, popularity, and revenge. This one is more of a sociocultural movement, which believes that there should be no diversity. Members of this organization are very tolerant. They believe that all ethnic groups are equal, and their major rule is to stay true to themselves.

Some female students came together with the intentions to create a feminine cult group.

Some of the female cult groups formed include:

Temple of Eden

Black Beret

Sisterhood of Darkness

Black Bra

Amazons

Daughters of Jezebel

Pink Ladies

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1948 PROJECT

 * -Locating and visiting government agencies concerned with UDHR via the internet.

*-Browsing through the internet to locate world agencies for the protection of Human Rights, Child Right

 Kindly click on the link below:

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/w/MTI4NjYwNzU3MTY3/tc/MTUyMDIzMTc0Njkz

DEMOCRATIC PROCESS

 THE PROCESS OF VOTING

Voting in an election takes the following procedure: below:

1. A voter reports to his or her polling station on the election day and queues up for his or her turn.

2. The polling clerk identifies him or her on the voters' register and indicates it on the register and on his or her voter's card.

3. The presiding officer on being satisfied that the name of the person who presented himself or herself to vote is on the voters' register, issues him or her with a ballot paper and indicates this in the register.

4. The voter on receiving the ballot paper cast his or her vote for the candidate of his or her choice by thumb-printing against the symbol of the candidate's party.

5. Then, he or she puts the ballot paper into a transparent ballot box provided at the election venue.

6. The voter's thumb is then marked with indelible ink to indicate that he or she has voted. This is to prevent multiple voting.

7. The voter leaves the venue to wait for the outcome of the election through the radio or television.

Ways of reducing Accidents

 Functions of Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC)

1. Makes Nigerian Highways Safe For Road Users

One of the major functions of the federal road, safety commission is to make sure that, Nigerian highways are safe for motorists and other road users.

2. Recommends Works And Devices Designed To Eliminate Accidents

Another function of the federal road safety commission borders on recommending works, as well as, some devices that would be designed for the purpose of helping in eliminating accidents or minimizing accidents on Nigerian highways.

3. Educates Road Users And Members Of The Public On Importance Of Discipline

There is need as to why motorists should be discipline while on the highway. This is very important since it will help in reducing accident occurrences on the Nigerian highways.

4. The Commission Prevents and Minimizes Accidents on Nigerian Highways

This is very important, and it is a major function of the federal road safety commission. It is incumbent on the part of the federal road safety commission to make sure that reliable measures are being put in place to, if not completely prevent road accidents, but can minimize such problems on the Nigerian highways.

5. The Commission Clears Obstructions On Highways

It is a known fact that most of the roads in the towns and cities have been obstructed by spoiled and abandoned vehicles, and some of these vehicles do breakdown while on the highway.

6. The Commission Educates Drivers And The General Public On The Proper Use Of Roads

This is another function of the federal road safety commission. The commission has the sole responsibility of making sure that drivers and motorists and the members of the public are educated property on the use of Nigerian highways.

7. The Commission Designs and Produces Driver’s License

Provision of driver’s license lies within the responsibility of the federal road safety commission. And so, what they do is to design the driver’s license, and after designation of these drovers’ licenses, it is expected of the federal road safety commission to produce these drivers’ licenses in numbers in order to be used by different categories of road users and vehicle operators in the country.

8. The Commission Determines The Requirements For Drivers License

For driver’s license to be issued, some requirements have to be met. Therefore, it is incumbent on the part of the federal road safety commission to determine from time to time, such requirements needed to be met by an applicant for this driver’s license. And without meeting these requirements, the driver’s license may not be issued.

9. The Commission Determines and Produces Vehicle Plate Number

Another major function of the federal road safety commission is in the area of producing vehicle plate number to vehicle owners.

Military Rule in Nigeria

 Historical background

Introduction

Nigeria’s first military junta began following the 1966 Nigerian coup d’état which overthrew Prime Minister Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was made the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, but was soon overthrown and murdered in a coup in July of the same year.

Major  Patrick Chukwuwa Kaduna Nzeogwu

Reasons for Military Rule or intervention

•Politicisation of the military

•Tribal loyalties

•Regional based political parties

•Disputes over 1962 and 1963 census results

•General election crisis of 1964

•The Action Group crisis of 1962

•Western Nigeria Election crisis of 1965

•Allegation of corruption, nepotism, etc among politicians

•Mismanagement of public funds

•Low level of honest and reliable leadership

•Low level of economic development

Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi

General Yakubu Gowon

Measures adopted by Nigeria Government to promote Unity among Nigerians.

 PROMOTING NATIONAL UNITY

In order to ensure that national unity and the d spirit of oneness and patriotism is promoted, the Nigerian government established some national institutions such as:

1. UNITY SCHOOLS; Unity schools are also known as Federal Government Colleges. They are located in all states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja). Students are admitted into the unity schools from all states of the federation. The purpose of its establishment was that the schools will be representative of the diverse culture, population, ethnicity, and classes of Nigerians.

2. THE NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE CORPS (NYSC): The NYSC scheme was established in 1973 by the Federal Government of Nigeria to ensure that Nigerian graduates are engaged in a compulsory one-year national service outside their geographical area. The rationale behind the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in the 1970s was to create an avenue for inter-ethnic mixture, which would later foster national unity in war-torn Nigeria. It was General Yakubu Gowon led administration, as part of its plan, who established the National Youth Service Corps Scheme.

3. FEDERAL CHARACTER COMMISSION: Federal Character Commission is a body established to ensure that the federal character principles as entrenched in the Nigerian constitution is strictly upheld. The aim of the principle is to ensure that every part of the Nigerian federation is adequately represented in the federal appointment, for example, the Army, Police, Navy, Universities, Civil service, Legislature, Judiciary, Executive, etc.

The purpose of this commission is to create a sense of belonging and oneness among the citizenry.